Windows 7 | 8:
To enable and collect the Windows 7/8 Installer logs, download Microsoft Fix it 20095 and run it. This Fix it is for Windows 8 and Windows 7 users only.
For more details see: http://www.thewindowsclub.com/enable-microsoft-installer-logging-verbose-logging
List of installer error codes: http://support2.microsoft.com/kb/290158
Windows XP:
To enable and collect the Windows XP Installer logs, download Microsoft Fix it 50380 and run it. This Fix it is for Windows XP only.
For more details see: http://support2.microsoft.com/kb/223300
To retrieve log files go to the temp folder: write %temp% in File Explorer address field and locate the appropriate log file (search by time stamp).